Arnold Bakker & Evangelia Demerouti
Job Demands–Resources
Organizational psychologists who modeled burnout as an imbalance.
Work Stress cluster · 4 entries in the library
One entry in the expert directory — an editorial profile. Last updated: September 27, 2026.
In short
Arnold Bakker and Evangelia Demerouti are Dutch organizational psychologists whose Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model frames burnout as the result of an imbalance: high demands drain energy while scarce resources block recovery. Both sides are measurable, which is what made the model stick.
1. The framework
The model's advance over earlier burnout theory is generality: any job can be described by its demands (workload, time pressure, emotional load) and its resources (autonomy, feedback, support, role clarity). Strain rises when the ratio worsens — regardless of which specific demand or resource is involved.
JD-R also models the gain spiral: resources fuel engagement, which builds further resources. The library's stress entries treat both spirals — where the drain is, and where the nearest refill is.
2. Where critics push back
As a broad framework JD-R trades specificity for coverage; it locates imbalance well but says less about which intervention fixes a given demand. Use it as a map, then drill into the specific entry.
3. Explore in the library
Entries in this library built on Job Demands–Resources — each with its honest limits.
The JD-R Model
The guide behind the burnout entries.
Burnout Risk
Where is your demands–resources ratio heading?
Work Stress Snapshot
A one-week picture of load.
More frameworks and tools in the Work Stress cluster.
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This is an editorial profile of a published framework — referenced, not affiliated. Scene photos are illustrative, not portraits.